Metabolic flexibility (i.e., reciprocal changes in carbohydrate- and fatty acid oxidation) is a characteristic of metabolic health. From an evolutionary point of view it may be reasoned that the human body is habituated to a lower meal frequency ( Meiselman, 2000). Several postprandial signals (e.g., plasma bile acids, fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19), lipids) are still increased in the systemic circulation 4–5 h after meal ingestion ( Schrezenmeir et al., 1993 Van Nierop et al., 2019 Meessen et al., 2020). Lowering of plasma insulin concentrations during fasting (e.g., overnight) permits lipolysis, a shift from glucose to fat oxidation resulting in a state of physiological insulin resistance if the fasting is continued ( Lafontan and Langin, 2009 Soeters et al., 2012). Furthermore, insulin activates lipoprotein lipase which promotes the storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue ( Lafontan and Langin, 2009). After meal ingestion, plasma insulin concentrations rise and subsequently increase glucose uptake and -oxidation in peripheral tissues ( Thiebaud et al., 1982). Generally, food intake occurs in a three meal per 24 h fashion with in-between meal snacking ( Kant, 2018 Paoli et al., 2019). Most humans spend more than 12–16 h per day in the postprandial state. Furthermore, we found lower plasma glucose concentrations during the second half of the day during the one meal per day intervention ( p < 0.05).Ĭonclusion: A single meal per day in the evening lowers body weight and adapts metabolic flexibility during exercise via increased fat oxidation whereas physical performance was not affected. 1 meal/day –0.7 ± 0.2, p = 0.049) and increased exercise fatty acid oxidation ( p 0.05).
Results: Eucaloric meal reduction to a single meal per day lowered total body mass (3 meals/day –0.5 ± 0.3 vs. Participants consumed all the calories needed for a stable weight in either three meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) or one meal per day between 17:00 and 19:00 for 11 days per study period. We included 13 participants of which 11 (5 males/6 females) completed the study: age 31.0 ± 1.7 years, BMI 24.0 ± 0.6 kg/m 2 and fat mass (%) 24.0 ± 0.6 (mean ± SEM). three meals per day in a randomized crossover study. Methods: To investigate the effect of TRF on metabolism and physical performance in free-living healthy lean individuals, we compared the effects of eucaloric feeding provided by a single meal (22/2) vs. The effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) on metabolic parameters and physical performance in humans are equivocal. Metabolic flexibility (i.e., reciprocal changes in carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation) is a characteristic of metabolic health and is reduced by semi-continuous feeding. It may be reasoned from an evolutionary point of view, that the human body is physiologically habituated to less frequent meals.
As such, most humans spend more than ∼ 12–16 h per day in the postprandial state. Background: Generally, food intake occurs in a three-meal per 24 h fashion with in-between meal snacking.
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